Density Dependence And Its Effects In Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

Describe the difference between the footings critical figure and transporting capacity for an ecosystem. Elaborate on the construct of denseness dependance. How does the denseness dependance affect the critical figure and carry capacity in an ecosystem? Critical figure refers to the smallest possible figure of beings required in a given species that is indispensable to prolong the population in a executable province so that it can stay in being. A lessening in this minimal population base will hold negative impacts on the staying lasting members which may take to their eventual extinction.Transporting capacity refers to the largest possible figure of persons of a species that an environment can prolong for an indefinite period of clip, without considerable negative effects on the given being and its environment. In other words, it is the sum of resources that is available in the environment that can be maximally exploited by the organisms nowadays at that place, that will lend to the beings ‘ well-being, without inauspicious effects on the ecosystem. An addition in the carrying capacity will usually take to a lessening in the ecosystem ‘s ability to back up life in the long tally, which will take to population lessening, and frailty versa.Population denseness is the figure of persons per unit country in an environment ; the population denseness determines the possible effects of certain environmental factors on continued population growing. These factors are separated into two types, viz. : Density dependent – literally means dependent on denseness, this phrase refers to the addition or lessening in the strength of the effects of environmental factors on a population in proportion to the denseness of the population. ( more beings means more competition and less nutrient available for the remainder and frailty versa ) Density independent – literally means independent of denseness ; this phrase means that the effects of some environmental factors do non depend on the denseness of the population. ( sudden unbearable environment alteration, all organisms dies irrespective of population size ) Population normally remains within a certain scope when environmental factors are density dependant. As population denseness additions, environmental opposition intensifies, and finally causes an addition in mortality that leads to a lessening in population. As population denseness decreases, environmental opposition diminishes, leting the population to retrieve. In the terminal, it is alterations in the environmental opposition ( Carrying capacity ) that allow populations to increase or diminish, and this can change annually due to environmental conditions. If population exceeds the transporting capacity, so the population experiences a J-curve clang. If the population is depleted below the critical figure, the lasting members become more vulnerable and extinction may be ineluctable. However, in density-independent instances where a peculiar modification factor moves outside an being ‘s scope of tolerance ( such as a fire or deep freezing ) , the being dies irrespective of population size, critical figure or the transporting capacity of the ecosystem. Q2. Define Biological Wealth we ‘ve discussed in category. How do the two sorts of value affect the biological wealth? Please supply some illustrations of our day-to-day life for each sort of the value and explicate how we evaluate those values Biological wealth is represented by the biodiversity ( described by life scientist as â€Å" entirety of cistrons, species, and ecosystems of a part † ) found on Earth. It is by and large used to mention to the natural biological wealth that supports human life and wellbeing. Biological wealth is viewed based on 2 sorts of value: 1. Instrumental Value – defined as the value something has because it may turn out utile in obtaining other things of value Biological wealth has instrumental value because it can be used to profit human existences. Many of these items-food, shelter, medical specialty, transit, and clothing-are themselves extremely prized for their part to human wellness and wellbeing. Examples of Instrumental values include:I. Beginning of nutrient, stuffs, agribusiness and developmentMany people around the universe depend on these biological beginnings for their nutrient, shelter, and vesture. Materials such as wood, gum elastic, fibres and oil can be obtained straight form biological beginnings. To feed and house a turning human population, more land is being transformed from wilderness into agricultural, excavation, lumbering, and urban countries for worlds. two. Beginning of Medicine A important sum of modern and traditional medicative merchandises are derived, straight or indirectly, from biological resources. three. Global Health Benefits Natural ecosystem services that reduces pollution, purifies H2O, prevents eroding, regulates clime and C sinks.four. BusinessBusiness Development – the foundation of some concerns are based on providing goods and services ( lumber, paper, nutrient and medical specialty ) obtained from the environment.v. LeisureLeisure – include activities like boosting, bird-watching and picture taking in biologically rich topographic points. 2. Intrinsic Value – value for its ain interest Non-material benefits that can be attained from the environment include aesthetic, cultural, spiritual and religious values, cognition and instruction. Philosophically, it could be said that biological wealth has built-in values for human existences. However, intrinsic value can be subjective and it is hard to delegate basic value to such state of affairss. The thought is that our judgements of intrinsic value are tied to existent state of affairss. The hedonic definition seems to be appropriate in this respect, for illustration, hedonism provinces that pleasance is the lone thing with positive intrinsic value and trouble the lone thing with negative intrinsic value. So working from here, pleasance is derived by the people when sing the aesthetically-pleasing signifiers present in a natural environment, religious values such as peace and enlightenment can be achieved through religious connexion on sacred sites, some faiths give Godhead acknowledgment to selected species ( cattles are considered holy in India ) , culturally, certain animate beings are revered as spirit ushers by the Native Americans and knowledge can be gained through observation and survey of the interactions within the system. Effectss However, irrespective of the abovementioned values assigned to biological wealth, the available biological resources are still being progressively exploited with small respect of their impact on the environment ( ensuing in degraded ecosystems and increased biodiversity loss, species loss being accelerated by human activity ) , the focal point being on short-run additions and non the long-run effects, therefore ensuing in a go oning loss of biological wealth. This tendency can non go on as the well-being of future coevalss depends on the preservation and careful direction of our biological wealth so as to protect and heighten their biodiversity.Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, SingaporeThe Wetlands Waltz I want to waltz in the wetlands, The swamps, the fens and the bogs, ( oh, the bogs ) . Yes, I want to waltz in the wetlands, With the birds, and the fish and the toads. I want to waltz in the wetlands, a topographic point where nature gets by, And IaˆÂ ¦ will cryaˆÂ ¦ will shout when the wetlands are dry. Yes IaˆÂ ¦ will cryaˆÂ ¦ will shout when the wetlands are dry. by The Ecotones Songs from the Water World Introduction Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is located in the Northwest of the chief island of Singapore. The name is of Malay beginning, with Sungei intending â€Å" River † and Buloh intending â€Å" Bamboo † . Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is a Rhizophora mangle swamp. The distinguishing characteristic of a Rhizophora mangle swamp is that it is dominated by low trees or tall bushs, normally over 30 % screen, turning on clay flats in tropical coastal countries where the tidal scope is little. The roots of the Rhizophora mangle workss extend out into the clay flats, and trap silt which accumulates to organize the swamp. These swamps support a broad assortment of works species and offer protection for several animate beings.A wetland is defined as a land where the H2O tabular array is at, near or above the surface or which is saturated for a long adequate period to advance such characteristics as wet-altered dirts and H2O tolerant flora. ( Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation, 1996 ) . â€Å" The H2O may be fresh or saline, acidic or basic, depending on the beginning † ( Carter, 1997 )Wetlands play an indispensable ecological function and have resources of economic, cultural and scien tific value, but they are normally drained to make room for agricultural nutrient production or alternate land usage. Wetlands carry out a scope of ecosystem maps ; they include flood control, stabilisation of dirt and storage of C. Wetlands besides produces nutrient, fuel, wood, medical specialty and edifice stuff.Wetlands are one of the most biodiverse of all the ecosystems. Their biodiversity includes different species of works life, fish, reptilians, amphibious vehicles, mammals and avifauna of occupant and migratory birds. Wetlands are beautiful ; excessively small of this sort of natural Eden exist and they can be a tourer attractive force and recreational sites for bird-watching and picture taking. Wetlands are a recharge part for H2O ; Wetlands shop extra H2O or rainfall for release through recharge of rivers and groundwater aquifers at times when there is a drouth. â€Å" The recharging of aquifers, raises the H2O tabular array doing groundwater easy accessible † ( Kenya state paper, 1998 ) . Without the wetlands, the country would lose some of its finest trees, and non merely those that grow within it. The H2O table extends everyplace, and the roots of the workss grow towards it – but the wetlands keep the degree accessible. Wetlands besides act as a H2O purification system, filtrating out the surface run-off deposits, organic affair and foods.Components of WetlandsA wetland possess three types of status, the country should hold a typical wetland hydrology, flora, and dirts. Hydrology An equal and uninterrupted supply of H2O is indispensable for wetlands to be. The H2O beginnings for wetlands include atmospheric H2O, precipitation, ground-water flow and surface-water flow. The land is characterized with wetland hydrology if the country is either for good or sporadically inundated, or there is a recurrent, sustained impregnation of the upper portion of the substrate to make an anaerobiotic environment. This continuance and frequence of impregnation must at lower limit, be able to keep the flora or other beings of wetlands, such as characteristic physical and chemical characteristics of wetland substrate. â€Å" Field indexs of wetland hydrology include: ocular observation of flood, H2O borne debris deposition peculiarly in above land flora, H2O borne sediment sedimentation on workss and other perpendicular objects, drainage forms within wetlands including scouring, and H2O stained ( blackened or grey ) † ( ITRC, 2005 ) . Hydric Soils Hydric dirts are dirts that are sporadically or for good saturated with H2O. The boggy dirt is normally lacking in O. These dirts are wet, dark-coloured, is high in alimentary content and in organic stuff. Field indexs of hydric dirts include histosols, which are organic dirts or any deepness of organic stuff on bedrock ; sulfidic stuff ( H2S ) in mineral dirts breathing the odor of the icky egg ; and cut downing dirt conditions as indicated by gleyed dirt. ( ITRC, 2005 ) . Geomorphology Most wetlands originate in topographic depressions, lands with a lower lift than the environing countries, these include wetland basins, lakes, pools and river vales. These depressions may be created by a series of natural happenings such as glacier motion, air current, H2O moving ridges, or tidal action ; or by procedures linked to tectonics, remission, or prostration. Sometimes wetlands can organize on a incline, this occurs in topographic points where the H2O tabular array intersects the land surface in countries where the land is inclining. â€Å" Standing H2O in wetlands is either the consequence of surface implosion therapy or rock outcrop of the H2O tabular array, which is the top of the saturated zone where pore force per unit area peers atmospheric force per unit area † ( Freeze and Cherry, 1979 ) . Hydrophytic Vegetation The prevailing flora consists of aquatic plants or H2O adapted works species and is classified into â€Å" obligate † or â€Å" facultative † groups. These works species are specifically adapted to turn in moisture, anaerobiotic dirt conditions. Obligate wetland workss ( OBL ) have roots that are good adapted to H2O and saturated dirts, they are found merely in wetlands ( more than 99 % of the clip ) . Facultative wetland workss can digest standing H2O or saturated dirts and occur in wetlands 67-99 % of the clip. The recognized criterion for judging an country to be a wetland requires that the prevailing flora are made up of more than 50 % of Obligate Wetland Plants ( OBL ) , Facultative Wetland Plants ( FACW ) , Facultative Plants ( FAC ) , and Facultative Upland Species ( FACU ) .Supply your observation/guess on how this ecosystem evolves to its current position.Since Sungei Buloh Wetland is by definition a coastal, seawater, mangrove swamp located in Asia. It is poss ible to presume that in the yesteryear, it was likely to be a au naturel country where salt H2O meets land, and are flooded by day-to-day tides. The H2O in the country is likely slow-moving and slightly sheltered, which allows deposition of deposit and organic stuff to take topographic point, every bit good as workss to take root.Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is to day of the month bordered by Rhizophora mangle woods. Mangroves are normally the first species to turn on tropical shores as they can propagate successfully in a marine environment because of particular versions. This mangrove species may hold originated in the Indo-Malayan Region, sing the fact that there are more mangrove species present in this part than anyplace else in the universe. It was found that mangroves colonized this country around 6820 BP, as sea degree rose following the last glacial upper limit and a variable thickness of Holocene littorals, claies and peats were deposited over the land surface ( Bird et al , 2004 ) . A bare coastline is an inhospitable environment ; mangrove workss are the primary replacements in this instance because of their ability to last in seawater enables them to colonise coastal countries where no other assortments of tree can last. Mangrove workss bit by bit restore the dirt by perforating and air outing it. They start with seting down shoots into the substrate, which trap and clasp deposits in topographic point which prevents clouding and silting of Waterss every bit good as accumulate a bed of dirt. Their roots map as an ground tackle, and since they grow in dirt with low O, are adapted with aerial roots, which allow them to absorb atmospheric O. As they grow, they produce new rootlets at in turn higher degrees above the high tide degree ( Collins 1990 ) . As dirt quality improves, a gradual consecutive community of workss that were ab initio less tolerant of the original environment will get down turning in the country, finally making a flood tide wetland forest ecosy stem. Ocean tides, freshwater overflow and inland rivers provide foods such as nitrates, nitrites and minerals to nurture the flora of this wetland. In add-on, the Rhizophora mangle wood acts as a vegetive buffer zone against eroding along coastline and promotes deposition of deposit and alluvial stuffs. Coastal wetland swamps are extremely productive and supports a big figure of beings. Mangrove leaves serve as the foundation of the nutrient web and provides nutrient for direct feeders such as pediculosis pubiss and fish. Their decaying leaves initiate the debris nutrient web. The interweaving roots of Rhizophora mangle workss act as aquatic baby's rooms for the immature of fish and shellfish every bit good as nutrient and protection against larger marauders. A figure of animate beings besides use this ecosystem as a home ground, shacking in the canopy, roots, clay or H2O. A big assortment of bird species, which includes migratory birds besides feed on the rich zoology of pelecypods, pedi culosis pubiss, worms and mollusk. Sing that abovementioned province is still observed in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, it is extremely likely that a flood tide ecosystem has been reached and there is a dynamic balance between all of the species and the physical environment.What is human ‘s function in the ecosystem succession/evolution procedure and what are the responses from the ecosystem to the perturbation?Back in 1820, mangrove forest originally covered an estimated 13 % ( 7,800 hour angle ) of Singapore ( Corlett, 1987a & A ; 1987b ) . Today, less than 5 % remains. Bird et Al. ( 2004 ) found that the Rhizophora mangle from Sungei Buluh wetland modesty to Kranji Dam, a mere 87 hour angle, represented the largest integral Rhizophora mangle forest left on mainland Singapore. Harmonizing to the Straits Settlement Government Gazette Reports of the Botanic Gardens, 1890, the Sungei Buloh country was a forest modesty from 17th April, 1890, but ceased to be a forest modesty on 4th April, 1938, ( Straits Settlement Government Gazette, 1938 ) . During this clip period, due to a lifting rural population, shrimp agriculture became the pillar of those settling the seashore, and development of nutrient, fuel, poles and wood were allowed in the modesty. From 1946 to 2001, aerial exposure used to analyse Rhizophora mangle alterations brought about the decision that development generated important alterations in the distribution of Rhizophora mangles. In 1946, the Sungei Buloh mangrove forest was reduced to 117.3 hour angle. However, following this period of clip, the Rhizophora mangle was able to actively colonise the coastal mudflats, adding 6.24 hour angle of Rhizophora mangle screen until 1980. Unfortunately in 1980, 50 % of the entire country covered by Rhizophora mangles was cleared for aquaculture. The resulting building of Kranji Dam in 1980 brought about a subsequent lessening in sediment supply, which initiated eroding along the shoreline. Consequently, the vegetive boundary has receded by up to 50 metres in 2001. In 1986, a group of devouring birdwatchers from the Singapore Branch of the Malayan Nature Society noted the surprisingly big assortment of bird species including migratory birds in the wetlands. Acknowledging the ecological value of this country, they wrote a proposal to the authorities inquiring for its saving. This suggestion was taken up by the authorities and finally, 87 hour angle of wetlands was given the position of nature park in 1989. Subsequently, the country was carefully developed to let visitant handiness and was officially opened on 6 Dec 1993 by so Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The Rhizophora mangle wood is now renewing under the protection provided by the Nature Reserve.How/what can we make to do this ecosystem sustainable?In order to keep the wetland ‘s biological diverseness and productiveness and to let wise usage of their resources by human existences, preservation and sustainable usage of this wetland and its resources is of import. Sustainable usage is ba sed on cognition of environmental, socio-economic and policy factors. From this, some guidelines can be developed for sustainable wetland direction.Sustainable Wetland Management – some factors to seeFrom hypertext transfer protocol: //wetlands.hud.ac.uk/sustainability.htmThey include: 1. Creation of public consciousness on the importance of wetlands for the environment. Educate the populace on the function of wetlands in deposit and eroding control ; saving of H2O quality, cut downing pollution ; care of surface and land H2O supply and part to climatic stableness. 2. Promote understanding and acknowledgment of the maps and values of wetland home grounds. This includes their esthetic, cultural, spiritual, societal, economic, educational and recreational value. 3. Conservation of bing wetlands and their biodiversity This includes Restoration and recovery of altered wetlands and alternate wetland direction determinations that includes: non-intervention ( but includes monitoring ) ; limited intercession ; active direction. 4. Research on wetland Proper surveies should be carried out on the values, maps and use of each type of wetland, every bit good as its ecological position and agricultural potency that can be exploited without impairing its maps and transporting capacity. 5. Survey of developments that are likely to hold an impact on wetlands. This is to forestall the continued debasement, transition and disregard of wetlands. 6. Sustainable direction of wetlands Through the development and exchange of cognition about sustainable utilizations. 7. Formulation of policy on wetlands Consultations can be carried out among authorities, academic establishment, and community-based organisations to make policies and statute law, which includes impact appraisal and rating to modulate wetland usage. 8. Factors impacting the achievement of long-run direction aims With the designation of the long term intent, all important factors which may impact or impede their accomplishment should be identified. This include natural factors such as natural sequence in flora, precipitation induced fluctuation in H2O degree and clime alteration ; and human-induced factors such as perturbation, pollution and development.

Philosophy of Ernest Nagel from a First Person Essay

One burning and enduring problem in philosophy to which we have given considerable examination is the question of the existence of God–the superlative being that philosophers have defined and dealt with for centuries. After reading the classic arguments of St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, the contentious assertions of Ernest Nagel, and the compelling eyewitness accounts of Julian of Norwich, I have been introduced to some of the most revered and referenced arguments for and against God’s existence that have been put into text. All of them are well-thought and well-articulated arguments, but they have their holes. The question of God’s true existence, therefore, is still not definitively answered and put to rest; the intensity of this debate probably never will mitigate. Many theologians and academics honestly admit that no matter what any philosopher may assert regarding this topic, whether or not a certain person believes in God’s existence is a questio n of faith and nothing more. I am naturally inclined, then, even after reading the heavyweight philosophers of religion, to ponder this pressing issue. After all, what one person may gather out of serious consideration of this problem could totally alter his or her life. Even though I have been raised in the Episcopal Christian faith and have attended church regularly, I have never really taken the time to scrutinize the very existence of a being I have been worshipping for my whole childhood. Reading the famed selections in this course has alerted my attention to the topic, and this major philosophical problem continues to eschew my understanding. One would think that, because I have been raised a Christian and have been exposed to the doctrine and theory of Christianity, I would quickly lean toward the arguments for God and be more easily persuaded by them, hoping to find a defense for spending nearly every Sunday morning in the chancel at church. Actually, I am not automatically persuaded toward the theist position thanks to an atheist argument; the philosopher whom we have examined this semester who complicates this issue for me is Ernest Nagel, an atheist professor who wrote an outstanding defense of atheism. I found that his defense made atheism appear a much more attractive way to think than any theistic religion. I was not impressed, though, with his contentions against  the Ontological Argument of St. Anselm, and thus I refrain for now from venturing to the atheist way. Because of Nagel, I now have ambivalence towards believing in God, even though reading his work did not change my broader belief. One object of heated debate between convinced believers in God and convinced atheists is the Problem of Pain or Theodicy Problem, which asks how evil and suffering can exist in the world if an all-powerful and all-good God is overseeing what happens in his world. There are a few arguments that theists have constructed defending God’s existence in spite of this obvious conflict between doctrine and reality. Some of them, even though they have become classic arguments, are ridiculous; for example, Nagel confronts the argument stating that â€Å"the things called evil are evil only because they are viewed in isolation; they are not evil when viewed in proper perspective and in relation to the rest of creation† (605). This argument can be easily destroyed by a man of reason, and Nagel does so mainly by holding that â€Å"it is irrelevant to argue that were we something other than what we are, our evaluations of what is good and bad would be different† (606). Calling the argument â€Å"unsupported speculation,† (606) Nagel easily downturns this faulty response to the Theodicy Problem. What I found most admirable about this section of Nagel’s â€Å"Philosophical Concepts of Atheism† was his own solution to the problem–simply that it cannot be resolved: â€Å"I do not believe it is possible to reconcile the alleged omnipotence and omnibenevolence of God with the unvarnished facts of human existence† (606). Since Nagel has demonstrated that the Theodicy Problem cannot be taken down, it remains a solid argument for atheists and a very good disproof of the existence of an all-good, all-powerful God. I have not seen a response to this problem so effectively stated, honest, and convincing. Nagel’s arguments concerning the Theodicy Problem show that atheists think in a much more straightforward and practical fashion than do theists. The way Nagel uses the words â€Å"unvarnished facts of human existence† (606) leads to another attractive element to atheism and to his work–Nagel appeals to the earthly life, and only the earthly life, in describing how atheists think. Instead of reaching out to another world or deity that does  not even certainly exist, atheists â€Å"often take as their ideal the intellectual methods employed in the contemporaneous empirical sciences† (607). Because atheists use empirical evidence obtained through science, i.e. use evidence that certainly exists and can be sensed, all of the thinking they do is based solely on what clearly and distinctly exists in reality. To atheists, says Nagel, â€Å"controlled sensory observation is the court of final appeal in issues concerning matters of fact† (608). Not all of theist thinking is based on something that is proved to exist, since God has not been absolutely proved to be, so the essential base of the theist thoug ht is composed of supposition and theory. Atheists simply ground their logic in what is certainly known, and no assumptions found their reasoning. Even in matters of human morals, atheists think practically: â€Å"The conceptions of the human good [atheists] have advocated are conceptions which are commensurate with the actual capacities of mortal men, so that it is the satisfaction of the complex needs of the human creature which is the final standard for evaluating the validity of a moral ideal or moral prescription† (608). Nagel also excellently applies practicality to atheism in the way he describes â€Å"the stress upon a good life that must be consummated in this world† (608). Nagel dismisses the need of â€Å"some unrealizable other-worldly ideal† (608) so well that atheism appears supremely attractive among all the other religious modes of thought. Since Nagel implements practicality so well and perpetuates the question of the Theodicy Problem in â€Å"Philosophical Concepts of Atheism,† I found not only Nagel’s text, but also the atheist way very reasonable (literally) and intellectually striking. While Nagel superbly makes atheism appear much more attractive as a way of thinking than a theist religion because of its practicality and direct method of reason, I do not think he deals with St. Anselm’s argument for God’s existence well enough. Nagel refutes Anselm’s Ontological Argument by saying, â€Å"the word ‘existence’ does not signify any attribute† (601). I starkly disagree with this position. I think, as does Renà © Descartes, that existence in reality is a descriptor. When we, for example, reflect upon the life of one who has died, we experience that person as he or she exists in our understanding and in our imagination by remembering him or her; although  this individual is no longer existing in reality, he or she still exists, but on another plane of being. I am aware that this is, indeed, a highly debatable topic, but I am quite convinced that existence is an attribute, and thus I find that Anselm’s assertions withsta nd Nagel’s assaults. Even though the fact that atheists are practical, down-to-earth thinkers attracts me, I am still not convinced that God does not exist. For the time being, then, I will retain my theistic beliefs and remain a churchgoer, even though I now have ambivalence toward theism. I am not convinced that God does not exist because of some other reflections, shared especially by many within the scientific community. My current beliefs regarding God’s existence, those that I find more convincing than even the Ontological Argument, follow an deductive chain of reasoning; the argument I support most is the near impossibility that everything in creation came about by accident. The chances for molecules and cells, the very building blocks of the incredibly intricate natural creation, to come together entirely by themselves are so extremely slim that it is hard to believe that the world and all that lives in it are products of chance. The fact that the planet Earth is in exactly the right spot in space to support life, the fact that there are just the right amounts of chemicals and substances to sustain biological life on Earth, and the fact that there is only one species with the intellectual firepower to overcome physical inferiorities and become the ruling class of organisms on the planet all contribute to the suspicion that there may be a certain genius that planned out this harmonious structure of life. This is a tough argument for atheists to refute, but then again, it still could have been chance–it still could have been that one in a billion trillion times that happened. With that in mind, a great secondary argument is Anselm’s Ontological Argument, a piece of reasoning I think both Nagel and Gaunilo fail to overcome. If it ever is overcome, I may begin to take steps across the bridge to the atheist way. Work Cited: Cahn, Steven M., Patricia Kutcher, George Sher, and Peter J. Markie, eds. Reason at Work: Introductory Readings in Philosophy. 3rd Ed. Florence, KY: Thomson Learning, Inc., 1996.

Mark Twain Short Stories Essay

Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name of Mark Twain, is a widely renowned author whom, throughout his life, wrote countless short stories and essays criticizing politics, media, and other government and social areas. Twain was an avid supporter of civil rights and was extremely critical of the court systems. Twain often criticized how society treatment of criminals changes for every social class. Mark Twain uses his dark humor and irony to convey said theme in three of his more popular short stories, The New Crime, Running for Governor, and A Presidential Candidate. Mark Twain’s short story, The New Crime, illustrates the positive side of having a high social class and the special treatment from the court systems that comes along with wealth. Twain first writes about a series of ordinary murder cases committed by wealthy men and lords in which the murderers are all pardoned from their crimes and giving the insanity plea. The insanity plea basically states that if a person is mentally insane, they cannot be held accountable for any crimes they commit while insane. All of the murders from said cases are ordinary murders, which show no sign of insanity. This clearly displays that the men are only acquitted because of their deep pockets. One of Twain’s favorite literary devices is irony and he often uses it to ridicule the government. In The New Crime Twain uses irony when he writes, â€Å"The servant girl, Bridget Durgin, at the dead of night invaded her mistress’ bedroom and carved the lady literally to pieces with a knife. Then she dragged the body to the middle of the floor and beat and Lemacks 2 banged it with chairs and such things. †¦No such insanity plea was offered in her defense. † (Twain 5) This is ironic because, in Durgin’s case, she is obviously deranged but, since she is of low social standard, she is not offered the insanity plea and, instead, is promptly hanged. The reader knows that Twain is purposefully being ironic because he includes details such as the facts that she has no motive for the murder, saves the woman’s baby, and continues to hike through the snow with the child having left her shoes, which all show how clearly insane the girl is. In using his precious irony, Twain makes his point very clear and makes sure to drive the message of the judicial systems corruptness through to the reader. In Twain’s short story, Running for Governor, he writes about when he was nominated for governor of New York. He uses said story to show the negative side of having a high social status and how the media will treat one differently when they are put in the spotlight. Twain himself is the main character and has never done a single thing in all his life to be ashamed of. When his campaign begins, Twain feels that his advantage over his competition is that he possesses good character whereas, Twain’s two opponents are portrayed in the papers as terrible men. The next day newspapers start to come out accusing Mr. Twain of ridiculous crimes. One of the papers says that Twain has been convicted of perjury by thirty-four witnesses against a native woman in Cochin China! Twain is list all of the absurd accusations in the following pages. What Twain is doing is making the charges serious, such as murder, but also incredibly odd. The reason being to create a subtle, dark humor in all of the newspaper articles so that the reader will see how the media is clearly just making up stories about whomever runs for a political office. Twain uses this same technique in his short story, A Presidential Candidate, in which he jokingly writes that he has made up his mind to run for president but, instead of waiting on Lemacks 3 reporters to publish everything bad about him in the newspaper, he is going to come out with everything bad that he has done in the past. Twain uses dark humor when he writes, â€Å"The rumor that I buried a dead aunt under my grapevine was correct. †¦ Does that unfit me for the presidency? The Constitution of our country does not say so. † (Twain 21) Once again, as he did in Running for Governor, Twain is making up silly crimes that, even though they are serious, one cannot help but chuckle at them. Twain succeeds once more in ridiculing the media through dark humor. Mark Twain wrote hundreds of short stories, essays, and sketches. Many of these works contain two of his favorite techniques; dark humor and irony, which often accompany one another in Twain’s stories. It is through his expert use of the two figurative language devices, along with many others, that Twain was able to criticize the difference in treatment towards different social classes to the extent that he did. Lemacks 4 Works Cited Twain, Mark. Taming the Bicycle: And Other Essays, Stories, and Sketches. Ed. Eric C. Link. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2009. Print.

The life of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) Research Paper

The life of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) - Research Paper Example Nicole in Carcere Where he served until 1471 and became cardinal bishop of portal and dean of Sacred College called Eubel Hierachia College. In 1457, he was the vice chancellor of the roman church. He had passion in card playing, he was self disciplined in eating and drinking and worked professionally in his administrative duties. He acted in evil ways whereby towards 1470, he broke the celibacy rule of roman priesthood when he began a relationship which led to bearing children with a roman lady Vanozza Catanei and fathered four children; Juan, Caesar, Lucrezia, and Jofre (Conte 317) He secured a two-thirds majority vote and was declared as pope in the morning of 14th august 1492, and acquired the name Pope Alexander VI. The election however was questionable but there was no evidence that Borgia had paid anyone for his election. The Romance expressed their acceptance and joy in bonfires, torch light processions, flowers and erecting triumphal arches with extravagant inscriptions. His coronation was then on 26th august. The roman city was said to encounter lawlessness at the time when Pope Alexander VI was appointed. This is well evidenced by the many assassinations that had already taken place. Thus after his appointment and coronation he went ahead to justify his good opinion to the people by putting an end to the lawlessness. He ordered for investigation whereby every culprit behind the assassination was to be hanged and his entire family brought down. He made four districts from the then city and put magistrates in charge of justice and order, further he appointed two days weekly when people would personally present their grievances to him (Gwynne 30). The method was within no time seen as efficient for justice restoration. He then turned to defense where he turned Mausoleum of Adrian into a fortress that would sustain a siege, fortified Torre di Nano thus secured the city from naval attacks. He transformed Leonine city to be the

Consumer behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Consumer behaviour - Case Study Example A number of factories have been closed and retail network for distribution of its products reduced. The company just hired a highly competent CEO1 who has experience in business make ups and creating and sustaining brands, image and customer loyalty. A SWOT2 analysis of the company indicates that it stands to enjoy a number of business opportunities if certain things are achieved. The firm has several strengths that would increase its competitive advantage. The company, however, faces challenges in terms of potential threats from the market as well as internal weaknesses, which may be minimized. Several strategies and action points are suggested as measures to restore the company’s glory and regain its market share to improve business performance. Among them is the implementation of an elaborate marketing and promotion campaign, putting in place a comprehensive customer relations program, re-establishment of retail distribution networks, expansion to new markets and diversific ation of existing product range. Introduction Levi Strauss & Co is an all-time American brand clothing store that has been in the San Francisco apparel market for many decades. It faces a number of hurdles in sustaining business growth momentum. ... The company has for the last three years faced a rough business terrain with plummeting sales, layoffs, occasional plant closings, and a failure to woo certain market segments to take up its products. The company just appointed Mr. Philip Marineau, a vigilant and veteran marketing executive from PepsiCo Inc., as CEO to turnaround its fortunes and rejuvenate its presence in the market for growth. Philip’s mission is to bring back the company to its earlier business glory and more by re-establishing effective customer relations, launch more relevant products and improve existing ones guided by the needs of customers and undertake effective promotions, advertising and marketing for the products. This paper will provide an analysis of Levi Strauss by addressing the problem, conducting a situation analysis, assessing alternative options and making firm and implementable decisions to help the chief executive achieve his desired objectives (Case Study notes). Problem Statement The ma in problem of Levi Strauss as explained in the foregoing background is the failure to respond to different needs of different customer classes in its market. Specifically, the company has failed to quickly respond to fashion trends for its youthful market in the textile industry thus losing a significant market share to competitors such as JNCO and Kikwear among others. The fall of a majority of the company’s retail distribution networks has also been a big problem in terms of maintaining sustained or even stronger presence in the market. The company has continuously failed to embrace dynamic market needs and is stuck on traditional styles that currently

2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

2 - Essay Example equal to capital and liabilities because when a person or an entity start their business, they inject the capital which can be in form of cash or other assets therefore at the beginning of the entity all there is are assets and capital. When the company expands it purchases goods or offers services which give rise to further assets and further liabilities as loans are acquired and credit is obtained out of that same capital. Some amount is also generated as profit for their business. Therefore, all the transactions of the entity take place through the same capital and the assets of the company must always equal their liabilities and capital. The statement of financial position gives the position of the company at a given moment of time where it provides the description of company’s assets, liabilities and equity from its establishment to that particular date, while the Income statement provides the details of all the income and expenditure activities during the year as at the date of balance sheet. In a nut shell, the financial position is the standing at that date while the Income statement is the movement during the period which is why the dates begin with ‘as at’ and ‘year ended’ respectively. The figure of net cash flow will mostly be different from that of net profit because the cash flows of the company are purely due to the monetary items such as sale, purchase, monetary income of dividend and interest, monetary expenses of salaries and rent etc. These expenses are purely of monetary nature while the net profits of the company not only involve these monetary items but also involve non cash items such as depreciation, fair value, amortization etc therefore normally cash and cash equivalents of the company are usually not equal to their net profit. Certain expenses are not affected by the cash flows of the company as it does not involve cash dealing on the time of the transaction. These expenses or income do not affect the cash flows because

Use the internet to research Apple Corporation, its current Paper - 1

Use the internet to Apple Corporation, its current position,and reputation regarding ethical and social responsibility, and the strategies that it currently employs to market its product - Research Paper Example In other words, in contemporary world issues of reputation and strategy arise as crucial elements of corporate success. Therefore, the given essay presents the analysis of attitude demonstrated by Apple Corporation towards its ethical obligations for the society while possessing its marketing strategy nowadays. In this context, it is evident that corporation needs to ensure its corporate social responsibility conduct to Asian outsourcing companies and accumulate already gained innovative potential in its marketing strategy. Within its inner structure, Apple Inc. is a unique example of vertically integrated four-in-one company; in particular, it presents a complex conglomerate of hardware workers, software specialists, services equipment creators, and retail representatives (Vergara, 2012, p. 78). In this context, Apple is an unusual enterprise in its sector, as it is â€Å"opposed to other computer, tablet or smartphone companies that only design or make the hardware, and rely on other suppliers to supple the operating system and related applications (or apps), and to sell the product† (Vergara, 2012, p. 78). In other words, the comprehensive internal structure of Apple fully satisfies all its needs connected with innovations, production, and sales. In addition, it enlarges the number of personnel. At the same time, it means the greater responsibility and obligations of corporative management. Even though â€Å"Apple is not a manufacturing firm† and â€Å"it outsources its production to other electronic firms† (Vergara, 2012, p. 78), this fact does not change the essential obligation this company has for their employees. In Urakami’s (2012) opinion, â€Å"any company who places an order with a supplier must remember that this is a part of corporate responsibilities to make sure that outsourced business can be completed though due process of business ethics† (p. 3).

Recommendations to Chief Librarian of the Medical Library Essay

Recommendations to Chief Librarian of the Medical Library - Essay Example However, though its base is of DDC it is much more powerful than it. In UDC, auxiliary points are put to practice so as to indicate various special aspects of a subject and also to point out relationships between objects. We can therefore state that it contains faceted or analytico-synthetic element that has been used in specialty libraries like medical libraries. Thus, the acceptance virtues of UDC can be considered to be many and thus its acceptance can be said to be numerous. We would now like to throw some light on the development aspects of UDC. It is essential to note that need is the father of invention. Thus, the development of UDC has been taking place since years based on the requirements as considered essential by the libraries. For example, several crucial aspects have been added to UDC because of the necessity to meet the requirements in the medical library. However, it is essential to note that UDC is not restricted alone to libraries of medical science; several other libraries of various disciplines adopt the practice of UDC so as to be confirmed with a more systematic arrangement in the library system. The advantage of UDC is that the documents, which are taken by classification, can hold the presence of their existence in absolutely any form. The classification can be set on films, sound recordings, video, maps, illustrations, books, journals, ebooks, etc. Thus, the positive aspect of UDC as seen is worth the attention it has taken in the scientific scenario of libraries. The classification of UDC is based on Hindu-Arabic numeral and has its base on the decimal system. In the classification system, every number is being considered as a decimal fraction in which the initial decimal point is omitted, and is used to determine the order of filling. Thus, a very logical and scientific approach is being practiced in the classification as used in the UDC system. In order to add ease in reading, the UDC gains punctuation after every third digit, For example, if after 11 "Medical Sciences" comes the subdivisions 111 to 119; under 111 "Physiology" come its subdivisions 111.1 to 111.9; under 111.1 shall come all of its subdivisions before 111.2 occurs, and so on; after 119 comes 12. The greatest advantage of this system of classification of knowledge is that its infinite extensibility. This virtue of UDC prevents the disturbance of the library books even after new books touch the library desk. Another advantage of UDC is that the books can be arranged in several main categories. In addition, a document can be classified under a combination of different categories through the practice of additional symbols. The UDC system of classification also presents itself with the advantage of being designed in a manner that it can readable by the machine. The machine

Who is right, Globalization sceptics or Globalization radicals Essay

Who is right, Globalization sceptics or Globalization radicals - Essay Example Globalization is most commonly defined as the emergence of a country’s political and socioeconomic culture to the point of becoming significant for people in other parts of the world. In this analysis of the global media’s role in cultural globalization, focus will be on the role of the global media since the beginning of the wired electronic stage up until the present day. with the proliferation of digital technologies that allow for instantaneous two-communication on a global scale. Although it is argued that cultures have interacted and therefore cultural globalization has taken place since the beginning of human history, it is the technology of instant communication that truly forged a new frontier for cultural interaction and cultural globalization. The role the global media has had on cultural globalization has steadily increased and in recent years we have seen a paradigm shift in the way global media is managed. This new shift has changed the tradition top-down role of the media, dominated by governments and corporations and placed more power back into the hands of individual citizens allowing for a bottom-up approach to media. This ‘new media’ is given life by the easily-accessible, ubiquitous world of the Internet. As Andrew L. Shapiro (1999) argues that the "emergence of new, digital technologies signals a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources", the natural effect as Internet becomes more user-friendly and more available globally will be apparent in all factions of life. To fully understand the role that global media has had on culture we must first understand how media and communication has evolved. In her book The Media and Globalization, Tehri Rantanen explains the evolution media and communication through her identification of six stages of media and communication throughout human history. According to her, the stages of development are as follows: Oral Communication, Sc ript, Printed, Wired Electronic, Wireless Electronic, and Digital Communications. Globalization truly began with the use of newspapers and pamphlets. Beginning with newspapers and pamphlets drawn up by the printing press and typewriter innovations, the media sent word of new events, new ideas and calls for aid to constituents throughout their respective countries. The next technological innovation was the telegraph, which gave people across large stretches of land the ability to communicate instantly. This brought about a complete transformation in terms of global communication. For the first time communication across distances takes place at an immediate level. Next came the invention of the telephone, which broadened the range of media influence even further than the telegraph. Finally, in the twentieth century, the technology revolution that swept the nation brought phones, cell phones, and internet into the homes of average citizens. The ease of access to the latest means of com munication helped to bring more people into the know. With convenience as simple as the click of a button, millions of people had access to the information super-highway known as the Internet. This was the greatest shift of power to the common people and provided the greatest source of bottom-top influence in media coverage. It was Rantanen’s six stages of progress in the area of media and communications that resulted in expansion of ideas and Theories on cultural globalization can be divided into one of three ideologies on the subject. The first ideology subscribes to the view that the world has historically been dominated by many cultures and as history has progressed we have seen the world being dominated by fewer and fewer cultures. This view on cultural globa

Wedding cake model of justice is covere Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wedding cake model of justice is covere - Essay Example ess of the arguments in question, the case falls under serious felonies due to the implications of the actions taken by the defendant at the crime scene. Fights between wives and husbands are common from time to time. In some instances, these fights result in assault of either partner. Even though physical assault is a crime, it is a lesser crime compared to murder, rape, or kidnapping. In this respect, domestic violence becomes a less felony, but all the same a crime. The implications of misdemeanors are even less compared to domestic violence or other types of less felony. This makes misdemeanors rank even lower on the wedding cake model. A good example of misdemeanor is traffic rules violation. These types of crimes do not take long court sessions to resolve. In most cases, offenders plead guilty and pay fines, undertake community service, or serve a significantly short jail

Opposition’s Viewpoint Essay Example for Free

Opposition’s Viewpoint Essay To parents and advocates who favor corporal punishment, the formula is simple: spank a child for doing something wrong and he will understand that he will get spanked if he does it again, hence he will not do it anymore. The aim of this paper is to address the theory, the logic, and the social justice of corporal punishment as a form of discipline on children by their parents in support of the stand that parents should under no circumstances administer corporal punishment to their children. The theory described at the beginning of this paper has its roots in behavioral psychology (Gendry 85). This theory is based upon recognition of stimulus and the subsequent action that the stimulus calls for (Gendry 86). While the effectiveness of this theory has been greatly supported by innumerable studies in psychology, what remains to be true is that this theory connects the subsequent action to the stimuli and not to the reason behind the stimuli. Simply put, when a parent physically scolds the child for doing something wrong, the child does not automatically understand why the act was wrong, he just understands that he got hurt from doing it and might get hurt again. This means that the punishment administered does not make the child learn the wrongness of the act. This is the limiting nature that the behavioral theory is encapsulated in. Hence, it becomes the fear of getting spanked that drives children to obey the rules that parents bring upon them, and not an understanding of the value of those rules (Dowshen et. al. 42). This initial argument regarding to the weakness of the theory that supports corporal punishment in terms of teaching the correct values trickles further to the discussion of the logic of corporal punishment. If we follow the logic that corporal punishment dictates, it connotes that the absence of the punishment means that absence of what makes the act wrong. Hence if the child grows up to a situation in which his parents cannot punish him anymore, he would no longer have any need to obey the rules. Since the development of a child to adulthood does tend towards separation and freedom from parental authority at some point in time, this shows that the logic behind corporal punishment naturally leads to a situation where the child no longer needs to follow the rules and is not left with any incentive to follow them. This clearly illustrates the ineffectiveness of authoritarian models of punishment as supported by Baumrind’s conclusion that the minimal or non use of corporal punishment in disciplining the child and instead raising the child â€Å"in a responsive and supportive parent-child relationship† (414) is the best way of instilling genuine discipline. Lastly, in examining the social justice in corporal punishment, we consider the position of the parent as guardian of the child. Being the child’s guardian gives the parent the responsibility to see to the child’s best interests, it does not under any pretext give the parent the right to subject the child to any harm. While there are those that argue that â€Å"tough love† cannot be considered as harm, they fail to understand the psychological dangers that parents who spank their children are unknowingly subjecting them to. For one, research as shown that the harshness of punishment given to children is directly related to the child’s inclination to use violent punishment on his own children when he grows up (Herzberger Tennen 317). Clearly, the formula does not work in both theory and logic in developing children to become disciplined citizens. What is worse is that it actually subjects children to risks that they should never have to face.

Posthumus and Innogene Essay Example for Free

Posthumus and Innogene Essay The following passage is from Shakespeare’s ‘Cymbeline’ Act 4 Scene 2. In the quoted lines Innogen identifies Clotens to be Posthumus due to Posthumus’ garment worn by Clotens. Innogen looks at Clotens’ body and his garments and says â€Å"I know the shape of`s leg; this is his hand†. According to her, his foot is ‘Mercurial’ and thighs â€Å"Marcial’. From the first act the audience is accustomed to see a chaste Innogen who is attracted only to her husband, Postumus. However in this passage Innogene is made to speak admiring words about Clotens which is ironic to the audience. Her instant decision based on the garment is a kind of an amusement to the audience who is aware of the identity of the corpse. Innogene believes that she know Posthumus well enough to identify him without the head or the ‘jovial face’. The audience may expect better judgment from Innogene who till then did show good judgment in choosing Postumus to Clotens. This passage shows that Postumus and Clotens were more similar looking than Innogene would want to believe. These similarities are mentioned by Clotens in â€Å"I mean, the lines of my body are as well drawn as his;† in Act 4, Scene 1(9-10). She tries to see some logical reason for the gruesome murder of her husband. The first possibility that comes to her mind is Pisanio’s involvement. She suspects him to have revealed the details about Posthumous to Clotens. Everyone except Innogene knows that Pisanio has got nothing to do with this murder. Moreover Innogene is unable to think logically, for, if Pisanio was the culprit he may not have helped and sent her in pursuit of Posthumus. She concludes that Pisanio has joined with Clotens to kill Posthumus. In the passage Innogene call Clotens, â€Å"irregulous devil Clotens†. Clotens is interested in marrying Innogen. When he found out that this was not possible because she chose to be the wife of Posthumus, Clotens decided to murder Posthumus and rape her. He goes to the wilderness in search of Posthumous with pure hatred in his heart. Nevertheless he wears Posthumus’ garments while seeking out Posthumus and Innogene. This is ironic that he chose to wear the dress of his opponent in subduing him. He may have thought this would be a nice way to torture Innogene with the thoughts of her dead husband when he uses force on her. This may heighten the misery. This however goes a long way to show the cruel nature of Clotens. On the other hand the audience sees that Posthumus is aggrieved for ordering the death of his wife. He is repentant and tries to seek his own punishment by surrendering as a Roman soldier in to the hand of British troops. During the battle he takes the side of his motherland and protects it from the enemy attack, fulfilling the duty of the son of the soil. Deception in costume plays its part here again when he dresses as an Englishman and fights with Iachimo. Posthumus and Clotens are two opposite forces juxtaposed to bring out their contrasting natures to intensify the final good over evil concept. However Innogenes’ misunderstanding in identifying the corpse is the climax of this parallelism. This is an important scene in this play due to the death of Clotens and his misidentification as Postumous. Clotens has been the shadow of Posthumus throughout the play. At every mention of Posthumus there is a direct comparison drawn with Clotens as both are interested in noble Innogene. Death of Clotens signifies the death of evil and victory of good. However at this stage not all threads in the play are brought to a conclusive end. Moreover the difference between both is so strong that it needs to have a lingering effect for some time until alls well. Hence this scene is a good device to conclude the play in a progressive gradation.

Poultry Waste as an Organic Fertilizer

Poultry Waste as an Organic Fertilizer LITERATURE REVIEW The several studies have been reported that the higher amounts of metals are present in different organic wastes, such as poultry fertilizer (Lopes et al., 2011; Bolan et al. 2004) and poultry fertilizer composts (Haroun et al. 2009; Farrell and Jones 2009a; Chen et al. 2008; Cai et al. 2007; Goi et al. 2006; Ihnat and Fernandes 1996; Ayuso et al. 1996; Ciavatta et al. 1993). These metals are potentially bio-transferable to soils and to different crops (Lopes et al., 2011; Achiba et al. 2009; Odlare et al. 2008; Bose and Bhattacharyya 2008; Kidd et al. 2007; Casado-vela et al. 2007; Korboulewsky et al. 2002; Cole et al. 2001; Bazzoffi et al. 1998; Pinamonti et al. 1997). Literature survey have suggested the both concerns of metals availability and mobility to humans environment, and their necessity for regular agronomic practices. The application of poultry waste as an organic fertilizer is major source for improving soil productivity and crop yield (Dikinya 2010; Cooperband et al. 2002). However, beside these beneficial applications of poultry waste, it is also responsible for different problems and adverse effects towards soil and plants and the trace level of these metals in plants may pose health hazards to plants consumers such as humans and animals (Singh R 2010; Arroyo et al., 2014; Diaz-Barrientoset al. 2003). The induction of HM due to poultry waste land practices to agricultural land may behave a different role in affecting soil composition and the growth of plant (Zhou et al., 2005; Miyazawa et al. 2002, Walker et al. 2003). Tao and Mancl 2008, estimated daily manure production by a broiler and laying hen to be 0.09 kg and 0.18 kg, respectively. Moreki JC and Chiripasi SC 2011; Edwards 1992, described the factors that influence manure production include type of chicken, age and breed, stocking densi ty, feed conversion, kind and amount of feed, litter, floor, moisture content of manure, and even climatic impacts during absorption. Ritz and Merka, 2009 reported, that the factors affecting composition of manure are type of birds, feed nutrient density, bedding material and amount, time in use and other management factors. 2.1. Beneficial impacts of poultry waste The poultry waste amendment in soil as a fertilizer is a common practice for centuries and it had been used the most desired natural fertilizer due to contents of high amount of nitrogen (Sloan et al., 2003) and nourishes plants with necessary nutrients. Poultry fertilizer have enhanced the product yield in several crops, such as Bermuda grass, wheat, rice, orchard, grass fescue, and corn (Moore 1995; Edwards and Daniel 1992; Wood 1992; Miller et al. 1991). Such practices of manures to agricultural soil raises organic contents, provides nutrients, improves soil structure and increases nutrients which are induced by crops (Lopes 2011; Singh and Agrawal 2008; Weber et al. 2007). It is reported that the increase in crops yield is due to the higher contents of Nitrogen present in waste, whereas, in rice crop S, Zn, P, K and N cannot duplicated in graded soils (Moore et al. 2005; Miller et al. 1991). Sunarlim et al., 1999 has been stated that, the application of chicken farm waste provide nutrients as well as134 increases the biological, physical chemical and properties of agricultural soil. It has been investigated by Jamali et al. 2008; Scancar et al., 2000 that, the higher amount of organic content and significant concentrations of P and N in solid waste endorse its usage, in the most cost- effective mode, as an agricultural manure or as a soil conditioner. Caviatti et al., 1993 11 stated that increase in pH of composite lowers the mobility of HM. The disposing of animal waste is the beneficial land disposal method and increases agronomic production (Ekop et al. 2011; Obasi et al., 2008). This is a typical economic sustainable means of changing waste to wealth. Due to the high cost of inorganic fertilizers, small scale farmers now apply livestock and poultry manure, sewage sludge and municipal waste to improve soil fertility (Odoemelam and Ajunwa, 2008; 51). In terms of HM stabilization in polluted sites, very small metal concentration of metals into shoot/stems is acceptable to prevent their induction to food chain via ecosystem described by Pichtel et al., 2000. Singh et al. 2012, reported that the nutrient accumulation amount vary by crop specie and variety. As reported by ul Islam et al. 2007, the association of microbes and root and soil and plant acts an active specie in regulation of HM transference from agricultural soil to edible parts of plants. Chibuike 2014; ul Islam et al. 2007 and Baker 1981, reported that these plants are able to tolerate the HM via three mechanisms, namely, (a). exclusion: restriction of metal transport and maintenance of a constant metal concentration in the shoot within the higher range of soil concentration (b). inclusion: metal concentrations within the shoot reflecting relationship; and (c). bioaccumulation: accumulation of metals in the shoot and roots of plants at both low and high soil concentrati ons. Thomas et al. 2012, stated that the essential and non-essential metals may accumulated in soils by means of wastewater irrigation, sewage sludge and poultry manure application by the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals. 2.2. Adverse effects of poultry waste Nowadays, environmental pollution is of high global concern issue. Regarding to this issue, HM pollution in agricultural soil has always been deeply focused by the scientific community 34. (A. K. Chopra., 2009; 34) reported that the HM are usually present at lower concentrations in soil, due to their toxicity and cumulative behavior HM does not only have toxic effects on plants but also create human health problems. The existence of HM in animal excretion (livestock and poultry manure) may contained in their feed or other supplements (Hamid and Jawaid 2013; Lopes 2011; Petersen et al. 2007; European Commission 2003). Therefore, the extent of HM in manure is usually moderate for lead and cadmium. The micronutrients such as Zn and Cu, generally added to animal feed supplements, to enhance the production and disease prevention (Nicholson et al. 1999). It was reported by Barathi et al., 2013, Kelleher, et al., 2002, that utilization of poultry waste as fertilizer have many adverse impacts, such as ground and surface water contamination, odors and insect accumulation with decrease in crop production. (FAO, 2006) stated that the aerial emissions of pollutants from poultry production facilities can affect air quality. Ammonia emitted into the atmosphere is arguably the most environmentally significant aerial contaminant related with poultry production. Zhang et al. 2005 reported that, the excreta of poultry farms contain some harmful components, such as HM, pathogenic microorganisms and veterinary drugs. McLaughlin et al., 1999 has reported that all HM are toxic at higher concentrations. Ligaba 2011 and Barazani 2004 reported that, the HM due to oxidative damage in plants may responsible to create toxicity to higher plants , including enhanced lipid per oxidation, oxidation of protein and reductants in the cell DNA impairment, , 12 stated that the, toxic metals have negative impact on crops may be due to oxidative stress, dislocating of enzymes or essential metals within the pigments present in plants, disruption of the molecules, metabolic processes and reduce the growth and production yield (Stohs and Bagchi, 1995, Zhang, et al., 2000). Bolan et al. 2004 and Park et al. 2011 stated that the beneficial effects, concern over the potential hazards associated with organic manures continues to attract the attention. Dean 2008 stated that, the PM may contain relatively high concentrations of several trace metals such as: Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe and Zn as reported by Unwin, 1998; Sims and Wolf, 19 94; Bolan et al., 2010. A.K. Chopra, 2009, reported that, HM are the important pollutant group, these are stable and cannot be degraded or destroyed, therefore these tend to accumulate in soils. The HM also occur in nature, their excessive accumulation can create carcinogenic and other toxic effects in living organisms. Further he reported that, various industries are playing a key role in this context by discharging a large amount of effluents on the land soil. According to Gupta 2007, the distribution and absorption of HM in tissues of vegetable plants are important to assess and monitor the role of phytoremediation in metaliferous soils. Lente, J. 2014; Drechsel, 2014 and Muchuwati M. 2006, described that, the regular assessment in agricultural soils and crops is therefore, very important to analyze concentration and conceive the method to reduce contamination, in order to reduce risks to human health. In vegetables these HM accumulate in edible parts (fruits, leaves and roots) and the HM are most often found in vegetables include cadmium, copper, arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt and nickel earlier described by Drechsel, 2014; Lakmalie 2011 and Muchuwati et al., 2006, stated that other than the safety risks, HM higher than the permissible limits also pollute soils and affect quality and growth of crops. The trace levels of HM may create problems in soil, such as food chain contaminations and phytotoxicity as stated by Kumaragamage an d Indraratne 2011; Nicholson et al., 2003 and 35, 85. Arunakumara et al., 2013; Sadon et al., 2012; Chand et al.,2012, have been reported that contamination of agricultural soils with HM, created significant environmental problems and Rotkittikhun 2007 stated that, their uptake by plants can have strong adverse impacts on human health contaminated via food chain. McLaughlin et al., 2000; Pierzynski et al., 2000 have documented that synthetic fertilizers and pesticides contain trace metals as impurities or active ingredients. Singh and Aggarwal, 2006 reported, the crop yields get contaminated, the excessive metals in the plant can result in decreased crop yield too due to the inhibition of plant metabolic processes. Baig et al. 2011; Cooper et al., 2011 and ul Islam 2007 estimated that, thresholds of nutritional toxicity in soil to plant system and accumulation of HM in plants may vary with several factors. Roeper et al. 2005; 41 contended that the problem created due to the poultry industries is the excreted manure, it is hazardous to livings and environment due improper disposing and treatment methods. Furthermore, it spread diseases, contaminate the groundwater resources and agricultural soils, if not handled properly. 2.3. Sequential Extraction of HM The bioavailable and mobile HM, and their ecotoxicity to crops, rely and depend upon the origin of bonding and their definite chemical forms 35. In order to evaluate and monitor geochemical forms and harmful effects, these physicochemical forms should be evaluated, rather than the total metal concentration investigated by Fuentes 2004; Pueyo et al., 2001; Fernandez et al., 2000; Perez -Cid et al., 1999; Legret, 1993. The environmental behavior of potentially toxic metals critically rely on their origins (Bacon et al. 2008; Kazi et al. 2006; Ure and Davidson 2002). The way by which HM bound to solid components of environment, like sediments and soils, this act may affect the bioavailability, mobility and toxicity of metals towards livings (Bacon et al. 2008). The Sequential Extraction scheme was firstly suggested by Lasheen 2009; Kersten and Forstner 1986; Tessier et al. 1979; which comprises five steps: Yao 2009 (i) Exchangeable fraction, (ii) Carbonated bound fraction (extracted by acetic-acetate buffer), 114 (iii) Fe/Mn oxide bound fraction (extracted by hydroxylamine), (iv) Organic matter bound fraction (extracted by hydrogen peroxide in nitric acid) and (v) Residual fraction. The Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) in 1987 also began a scheme to harmonies the procedure used in the sequential extraction schemes to determine the levels of HM in various environmental samples, it was also used to define CRM (certified reference material) by Ure et al., 1993. This procedure has been historically used to various matrix, such as soil (Vieira 2009; Vidaland Rauret, 1993), sewage sludge (Prez-Cid et al., 1996, Alvarez et al., 2002), sediment (Thomas85et al., 1994, Marin et al., 1997), ash (Villar et al., 2001) and composts (Oyeyiola 2011; Gre enway and Song, 2002). The BCR sequential extraction, a simple 70 3-steps and an additional step, which give rise to four different fractions that was thoroughly tested by inter laboratory trials reported by Delgado 2011; Tokalioglu et al., 2000. The original procedure was reported by Quevauviller et al., 1994 and Quevauviller, 1998, Cappuyns 2009, consist 3-extractions which separated ‘acid extractable’ (CH3COOH 0.11 M), ‘reducible’ (NH2OH.HCl, 0.1 M, pH 2) and ‘oxidisable’ (H2O2 30%) fractions. 2.4. Modified BCR Procedure The reducing extraction (NH2OH.HCl) fraction in the BCR sequential extraction scheme was found to suffer from a lack of reproducibility (Cappuyns 2007). After testing different reaction conditions (concentration of the reagent, pH), the NH2OH.HCl concentration was changed to 0.5 M and the pH of the reagent was adjusted to 1.5 by addition of a fixed volume of HNO3 instead of 0.1 M NH2OH.HCl at pH 2 39. Original BCR procedure recently being superseded by a modified version and this procedure is very popular during recent years and their application has increased lately, during the certification of Reference Materials reported by Sahuquillo et al.,1999, Rauret et al., 2000; 103 Perez Cid et al., 2001, Sutherland and Tack, 2002, Mossop and Davidson, 2003; Kazi et al., 2006. The revised protocol involves use of an increased concentration of NH2OH †¢HCl and lower pH (Mossop 2003). It improves reproducibility due, it is thought, to a more efficient dissolution of the reducible fraction of the soil matrix, most probably the iron oxyhydroxide phase. 2.5. Single Extractions The single extraction procedures are widely used as a general tool to evaluate metal polluted sediments, sewage sludge (MarguÄ ± 2004; Hardaway et al., 1999), construction materials and soils (van der Sloot et al., 1996). Ph. Quevauviller et al., 1997, investigated that for soil and environmental samples the most commonly used leaching/extraction tests were selected in order to identify the degree of similarity, exchangeability and/or complementary nature of data. These tests consisted of single extractions using water, mild (CaCl2, NaNO3), acid (CH3COOH) and complexing extractants (EDTA, DTPA) (Houba et al., 1990, Gupta and Aten, 1993). According to MarguÄ ± 2004, the leaching test, which is based on a German Standard Method (DIN 38414-S4) was developed to assess leaching of sludge and sediments from water and wastewater treatment. Among single extraction methods, CaCl2 and DTPA were the most widely used extractants (Wang 2004; Houba et al., 1996; Novozamsky et al., 1993). 2.5.1. Complexing extractant (EDTA) Beckett, 1989, McLaughlin et al., 2000, 33 has been to express heavy-metal levels in soils as plant- or potentially plant-available metal levels rather than â€Å"total† concentrations. This implies that â€Å"weaker† extractants or chelating agents be used in heavy-metal studies. EDTA, in either the di-sodium or di-ammonium salt form, has been used extensively in a host of studies as an extractant of potentially plant- available heavy metals. Baig et al. 2010; David Fangueiro 2002; Ure et al., 1993, Quevauviller et al. 1998 reported using a single extraction scheme such as extraction with EDTA has been suggested by the Measurement and Testing Programme, in order to analyze the bioavailable HM. However, these methods of evaluation are attained under equilibrium conditions and the bioavailability and distribution of species, achieved only by thermodynamic considerations is also of limited application. 2.5.2. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.01 M Calcium Chloride (Jones 2007; McBride et al., 2003; Houba et al., 2000; van Erp et al., 1998) have been suggested as measure of phytoavailability for selected HM in soil and solid samples. The bioavailable extractable trace and toxic HM were also evaluated by using 0.01 M CaCl2 as an extractant (Menzies et al., 2007; Kuo et al., 2006). Xiao-ping et al., 2004 have described that the CaCl2 is one of the main constituents of soil background electrolytes. The HM, which are accumulated in soil, may weaken and break the bonding sites of calcium (Razic 2006). 2.5.3. Water extraction fraction (DIN test 38414-S4) Leita and Nobili, 1991, examined that most readily bioavailable fractions of organics and HM are the water-soluble in composts applied to soils. So that the water soluble extraction in soil is always thought to be the portion of the most weakly bound forms to the solid phase (Akira Takeda. 2006). The deionized water was used for the water extraction, these extraction methods were initiated with 1:10 ratio of soil and extract volume, at room temperature and shaken for 2-hours then flirted and analyzed (Berti and Jacob, 1996).

The World of Wrestling Essay -- essays research papers

Response 3 In The World of Wrestling by Roland Barthes, he takes the sport of wrestling and turns it into a modern day myth. He talks of the French wrestling scene describing the spectacle, the venues, and the wrestlers themselves. It is well known that wrestling itself isn’t real, just acting but it is still fancied by many people. The wrestler personalities are typically categorized the bastards and the good guys often having good fighting evil. The role a particular wrestler plays might also change from time to time as in the case of Hulk Hogan. This man changes faces more often then someone would change their socks, having his alliances and enemies changing from week to week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The entrance music of a wrestler can be very important in reflecting the ch...

Hazing and the Student’s Consequences :: Free Essays Online

Hazing and the Student’s Consequences I recently enlightened myself to an interesting incident in a small college in northern New York state which brought attention to a subject our country has cursed, loved and fretted about for years – that of hazing. Hazing is defined as: To persecute or harass with meaningless, difficult, or humiliating tasks. To initiate, as into a college fraternity, by exacting humiliating performances from or playing rough practical jokes upon. (Dictionary.com) These â€Å"jokes† have affected the lives of a number of people in a large way. The first article of which I made reference comes from a New York Times writer Lisa W. Foderado, which focuses on recent events at Plattsburg State, a college in Northern New York. A boy entering an underground fraternity was put under â€Å"water torture,† where he was forced to drink pitcher after pitcher, and even drain funnels of water. This task made him go into a condition which is called hyponatremia, where sodium levels in the blood drop to dangerously low levels; he died later that night. This article shows the dangers of these â€Å"underground† fraternities, and their tainting of the Greek system. The second article comes from P&M’s press, and focuses on hazing that takes place in other types of societies, basing it on squirrel activities, and showing how they can harm themselves from dangerous activities. The third article comes from the University of Florida archives, and ties controlled hazing into good tradition. These freshman hazing rituals created a bond between the classes, and gave interesting activities to all of the students. From the good to the bad, hazing is at the least â€Å"an issue.† Hazing from one side can have effects ranging from a hangover, to burst cheek pouches, to even death. On the other hand, a strong bond between the students is made, and gives good experience to younger students in their life education. Looking at Foderado, we are presented a case of extreme penalties from a harsh incident. A boy who was just trying to fit into a group was given the most extreme of penalties from an incident of pure stupidity. Neither the group nor the boy showed any responsibility in the matter.

Physical Punishment :: essays research papers

Physical punishment has been a problem in hitting their children so they can have discipline or not hitting them because it is not right, so what can parents do and what can they not do? Should the parents hit them to learn discipline, or should they not hit them and figure out another way to make them learn what discipline is? Because many parents do not know or are confused in showing their children how to gain discipline they do not know whether to hit them or not to hit them. Many people think that by hitting their children that they are showing them violence but other people say that if you do the children would understand that they did something wrong and would not repeat it and gain discipline. What can parents do? First of all parents feel that the children are theirs, and they can spank them when they misbehave. There are many factors that lead to physical punishment: parents were to young and not ready for children, parents are going trough a divorce and need to take out their anger on something or someone, or parents do not know another way to punish their children. These children grow up to be aggressive and often abusive towards others. Although parents think this is the only way of educating their children there are many other alternatives. There are other alternatives to punishing the children for their bad behavior. Less severe punishments besides spanking. First, they can take away their television privileges, computer use, and playing outside with their friends. Next, they could ground them for the weekend and cancel plans. Last of all parents could take the time to sit and talk to their children about their bad behavior. Physical punishment may cause a child psychological problems. First, if the physical punishment starts at an early age the child will be used to being physically punished, therefore, his or hers self-esteem may severely negative as he or she grows up. Second, it is a life-affecting act to physically punish a child because they will be traumatized. Eventually parents should think twice before they can physically punish their children. What they should think of is what problems they are causing the child in its life. In conclusion every parent must take consideration that the negative affects that spanking may cause a child.

Psychoanalytic Social Theory of Karen Horney

Karen Horney made innovative contributions to the domain of Psychology. Karen is best known of her theory describing effects on the individual’s personality from his or her culture in a society particularly the childhood experience. Although people can become neurotic at any stage in life, most neurosis begins in childhood experiences. Genuine love and healthy discipline is essential to build feelings of Safety and Satisfaction also the Love and Belonging that must be provided by the parents.If these needs were not given, the child develops basic hostility towards the parents and when repressed it will lead to basic anxiety wherein a child feels helplessness and isolation in a cruel world. According to Karen Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility are combined in an endless circle, because it may start any of those two. Through that it will direct to Neurosis. Yes basic anxiety can lead to neurosis, but not necessarily. According to Karen Horney, there are normal defenses against an xiety; these are the Spontaneous Movement toward people, against people and away from people.In here, I think even how awful a child experience is they still engage to some activities that in a way they can express themselves and draw out their painful backgrounds to a delightful way. Besides we can view legendary people who brought success not just in a certain country but in the world despite from the traumatic experiences of his or her childhood. Aside from that there are also Neurotic defenses against anxiety, the Compulsive Movement toward people, against people, and away from people.For me, we can not really blame those people who had terrible experiences. It is on their way on how they are going to deal with it. Yes, encountering such is really hard to forget especially if it deals among parents. It is like, how are they going to trust other people well in fact from the very beginning their own parents neglect them. I agree to Karen Horney’s theory even though it has n o enough written documents but as we can see it is happening in the society.

‘I Spy’ by Graham Green Essay

1. Setting We can say exactly that all the described events take place in England, particularly, they happen in the Eastern part of England. The father of the Charlie Stowe, of the main character, was supposed to be in Norwich that night we know about it directly from the text (â€Å"Tonight he said he would be in Norwich†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Norwich is the regional administrative center and country town of Norfolk. Besides, one sentence tells us that place isn’t far from water (â€Å"the wind blew from the sea, and Charlie Stowe could hear†¦the beating of the waves†) and now we can say precisely that it is just by the North Sea that washes the shores of England. The events happen at night in the house where the family of Charlie Stowe lives, particularly, at the tobacconist’s shop that was kept by his father. It is said in second paragraph of the text. It was time of the World War I. The following clues help us to understand it: â€Å"enemy airships†, â€Å"Zeppelin†, which was a type of airship pioneered in Germany in the beginning of XX century and used widely to bombard England during the period of the World War I, such features of fashion of that time as â€Å"bowler hats† and â€Å"belted mackintoshes†, brands of cigarettes that Charlie’s father was selling (Gold Flake, Players, Woodbines were wide-spread that time). Moreover, in the text â€Å"Huns† were mentioned. It is an Offensive slang used as a disparaging term for a German, especially, a German soldier in World War I. 2. Plot Charlie Stowe, the main character, gets mocked by his schoolmates at the County school, because he has never tried a cigarette at his 12 in his life. One night he decides to have a smoke and sneaks to the tobacconist’s shop run by his father whom he doesn’t love. His mother is sleeping and his father isn’t supposed to be at home. But when Charlie finds himself at the shop he hears footfalls in the street. It is his father and two strangers. They have a brief chat and then leave the shop. Charlie goes upstairs, he is  very frightened but the attitude to his father changed. We can observe the structure of the text. The expositions of the story include the description of that night and Charlie’s family. The climax happens when his father and two strangers have a talk, particularly, on the phrase â€Å"Well†¦there’s nothing to be done about it, and I may as well have my smokes†. It was said by Charlie’s father and it is the most important moment of the story, because here we see strong likeness between the father and the boy: during boy’s attempt to â€Å"commit† a crime (to smoke a cigarette) he tries to encourage himself with â€Å"grown-up† and childish exhortations and what is interesting Charlie uses the same words to encourage himself in the forth paragraph and his father saying the phrase above also tries to encourage himself. Maybe he committed a crime being a spy because two strangers seem to be policemen or secret-service agents and the father tells them that â€Å"The wife will sell out†, talking about his tobacco business. Also unusual behavior says to us this fact: his voice has an unfamiliar to Charlie note and he holds his stiff collar. It indicates that he is very nervous and also his voice is â€Å"dry as a biscuit†. When Mr. Stowe wants to get his coat one of the strangers would like to go with him not letting him be alone. It seems that Charlie’s father is arrested. We can do this guess-work and find one more likeness between Charlie and his father: committing a crime. The resolution happens when the father and two strangers leave the shop, frightened Charlie goes upstairs and understands how much he loves his father. 3. Elements of plot This short story abounds with conflicts. At the beginning we know that Charlie has never tried a cigarette in his life and gets mocked by boys at school. It is the first conflict: the boy versus schoolmates, his peers, and it can be considered as the conflict of a man and society. The second one happens between Charlie and his father which he doesn’t like at the beginning. That’s why we can call Charlie protagonist, and his father – antagonist. We see the third direct conflict between Charlie’s father and two men. The mystery is hidden in their talk. And finally there is the forth conflict – the inner conflict of the boy who at his 12 wants to be an adult trying to have a smoke against the fear and prohibition and maybe commit the hardest crime of his age. 4. The theme/message The main idea of the story is a generation gap, the relations of Fathers and Sons. It is still relevant nowdays, parents should pay attention to the way of upbringing of their children. Lie, mistakes, carelessness and insufficiency of attention of parents would reflect on the behavior and personality of their children. The other idea is found in the conflict of Charlie and his peers. Sometimes to be respected in society we try to do what it dictates us. Children are exposed to the society influence easier, because they haven’t enough experience in life and their world outlook isn’t finally formed. The minor idea of this story is to show how our attitude can be wrong judging people around us, even our closest people, our relatives, and it may happen that it would be too late to say the warmest words to the dearest people and even living with our family we cannot notice the likeness or common things that connect us. We should be more attentive, more sensitive and sympathe tic and keep in mind that our children would somehow look like us. 5. Narration The type of narration is entrusted narrative. The story is told from the point of view of Charlie who uses the 3d person. It is an omniscient point of view. 6. Fiction elements/Structure The author entrusts the main character telling us the story. That’s why we can consider this story as an interior monologue. In the text we also encounter with protagonist’s inner dialog and the dialog between the antagonist and two strangers. It is a kind of blend of dialogs and monologue speech. It makes us imagine more vivid the situation and keeps us in tension. On the whole the structure of the text is chronological. Only the second paragraph is a little bit detached telling about Charlie’s family and his conflicts with boys from County school and his father. The story starts at the beginning and moves through time. 7. Style: level of complexity The structure of the text is very complex. There are a lot of commas, semi-colons and conjunctions. Also inclusion of the dialogs tells us about it. Equally with conjunctions such stylistic device as asyndeton is used many times in the text. Abrupt changes from long sentences to short ones and vice versa create a very strong effect of tension and suspense for they serve to arrange a nervous, ragged rhythm of the utterances. Also very short sentences produce a very strong emphatic impact. In the text we can notice loose, periodic and balanced sentences, it also says to us about very sophisticated structure of the text. We can encounter with apokoinu constructions â€Å"light burning†, â€Å"chin cupped in his hands†, â€Å"made him grab†, â€Å"sound of several men walking rapidly†, â€Å"†¦quick steps going away†, â€Å"†¦don’t’ let me be caught†. Apokoinu constructions are mostly used in the entrusted narrative. We ca n find also a lot of attachments, particularly, in dialogs (In speech of Charlie’s father), in the 5th paragraph (â€Å"†¦belted mackintoshes. They were strangers.†) The story abounds with literary words as it should be with the fiction. The author chose very colored words such as â€Å"banks of cloud†, â€Å"thin haze†, â€Å"stale smoke†, â€Å"boisterous†, â€Å"spasmodically†, â€Å"wraith†, â€Å"despair†, â€Å"lurked†, â€Å"held his breath†, â€Å"dare not to move†, â€Å"cowered† and etc. Dialogs are very colloquial, a lot of phrasal verbs are used (â€Å"sell out†, â€Å"to be off†, â€Å"put off†). What is very interesting in the text you can find some proverbs. Firstly, in the inner dialog of the boy (â€Å"May as well be hung for a sheep†, but it isn’t full, we can consider it as ellipsis) and secondly in the speech of Charlie’s father, not finished as well (â€Å"while there’s life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the continuation is â€Å"†¦there is hope†) and â€Å"a stitch in time† (also isn’t fin ished (continuation: â€Å"†¦saves nine†)), and wrenched proverb â€Å"Never do today what you can put off till tomorrow†. The latter is said with a touch of sarcasm. The usage of proverbs also is a common characteristic of the boy and his father. Elipsises reflect the natural omissions characterizing oral colloquial speech and the main function is to achieve the authenticity and plausibility of fictious dialog. When Charlie wants to encourage himself he says â€Å"Cowardy, cowardy custard†. It is a very interesting expression and is a taunt used by schoolchildren in the UK equivalent to â€Å"scaredy cat† in the U.S. By the way it is one more clue in support of the story happens in England. It means one who is excessively fearful. The word â€Å"Cowardy† is made with the help of diminutive  suffix –y, it underlines additional emotional coloring. The descriptions in the story are very detailed, author uses a lot of epithets (â€Å"boisterous†, â€Å"wraith†, â€Å"stale†, â€Å"noisy† and etc.). Figurative language is traced through the whole story. We can find metaphors such as â€Å"a searchlight†¦probing the dark deep spaces†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (we can also call it personification), â€Å"surprise and awe kept him†¦awake†, â€Å"the tobacconist’s shop†¦drew him on†, personification â€Å"†¦familiar photograph had stepped from the frame to reproach him with neglect†, similis such as â€Å"dry as biscuit†, â€Å"but his father’s affection and dislike were as indefinite as his movements†, disguised simili can be find in the mentioned phrase â€Å"Cowardy, cowardy custard†, periphrasis â€Å"the packets were piled twelve deep below† instead of â€Å"there were 12 packets of cigarettes† which conveys a purely individual perception of the described object, onomatopoeia â€Å"when they cracked† if we talk about stairs and emphasizes the reigning tension. Talking again about the phrase â€Å"Cowardy, cowardy custard† author from Charlie’s point of view describes it as childish exhortation. We can notice one more morphological device, suffix –ish. It deepens the coloring of the utterance expressing some contempt. In the second and in the last paragraphs we can find antithesises: the first one in the description of Charlie’s father who is opposed to his mother and the second one â€Å"†¦while his mother was boisterous and kindly, his father was very like himself doing things in the dark which frightened him’. Through this device we can understand the real attitude of Charlie to his parents. In the last antithesis there is also a comparison of the boy and his father. In the text we can also find â€Å"don’t you† constructions, the first of which was used to emphasize sarcasm of one of the strangers (â€Å"Don’t you want to speak to your wife?† and another one is an inve rsion â€Å"Don’t you worry to much†. Mr. Stowe used it to produce sarcasm as well. Talking about dialogs we can underline its colloquialism also by repetition â€Å"Yes, yes†. 8. Tone/mood The tone of the story is very tense, serious, suspenseful and sometimes in characters’ words sarcasm slips. Tension and fear are seen in the description of boy’s actions â€Å"sat in despair†, â€Å"cowered in darkness†, â€Å"held his breath†, â€Å"clutched his nightshirt tight and prayed†. In some phrases of the one stranger we can find sympathy. Also we feel sympathy both to the boy  who is mocked at school and his father who seems to be arrested. In the detailed description of Charlie’s father we can notice that the boy is offended by him (â€Å"†¦left even punishment to his mother†). The mood of the story is hopeless and tense. We feel it throughout the story, the setting â€Å"helps† us to feel it deeply as well. But in the end we feel a kind of relief for a moment when the boy understands he loves his father. We say â€Å"for a moment† because we will never know if the father and the boy ever meet ag ain. 9. Types of characters a) Charlie 12 years old kid, brave enough to do what is prohibited (to have a smoke). But is under impact of his schoolmates who mock at him, it is a common phenomenon of children of his age. He is smart, we can say it reading how he encourages himself with the proverb. Maybe it tells us that he is well-read. The peculiarity of children of the World War I time was that they were elder mentally, more clever than the children of the peace time. The severe environment made them like that. Charlie tries to prove his maturity, to go against the fear. He is very cautious and skillful. But one thing he forgets is matches. He was so rash in his desire that make him forget a very important thing without what he can’t fulfill his wish. Though Charlie loves his mother very much, we can’t say he is mother’s darling. He wants to be with his father, share problems and feelings with him, but he sees that his father isn’t interested in him. That makes him frustrated. Charlie is a dynamic type of character, because he has a very strong position against his father and the attitude to him changes in the end. And he understands himself differently than at the beginning. b) Mr. Stowe From the very beginning we know that Charlie doesn’t love his father. He describes him as â€Å"unreal to him, a wraith, pale, thin and indefinite, who noticed him only spasmodically and left even punishment to his mother.† â€Å"Tonight he had said he would be in Norwich, and yet you never knew† – this tells us that he lies to his family. He is afraid of revealing his crime. It is seen in the phrase told one of the strangers: â€Å"if you wouldn’t mind being quite, gentlemen. I don’t want to wake up the family.†., The same we can see  in his answer on the stranger’s question â€Å"Don’t you want to speak to your wife?† – â€Å"Not me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . But at the same time Mr. Stowe is very polite with strangers (â€Å"if you wouldn’t mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Mind if†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). It also emphasizes his deceitfulness. Mr. Stowe is fond of what he is doing – running the tobacconist’s shop (â€Å"It’s a good little business†¦for those that like it†). We can notice how carefully he behaves with the packets of cigarettes (â€Å"†¦he lifted a pile of Gold Flake and Players from a shelf and caressed the packets with the tips of his fingers.†). He couldn’t be the closest person to his own kid, but he is good at business. c) Mr. Stowe Charlie opposes his father to his mother at the beginning of the story describing that her presence is â€Å"boisterous† and her charity is â€Å"noisy†. She filled the world for him, â€Å"†¦from her speech he judged her the friend of everyone, from the rector’s wife to the â€Å"Dear Queen†, except the â€Å"Huns†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ . â€Å"For his mother he felt a passionate demonstrative love†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The word â€Å"demonstrative† underlines the ostentation of his love opposing more strong his father to her. It seems that Charlie is very angry with his father at the beginning. Her kindness and boisterous presence are mentioned in the end of the story again, but now the boy doesn’t feel her presence, it is evident in the last sentence â€Å"He was alone in the house with his mother†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He wants to say the warmest words not to her, but to his father. At the end Mr. Stowe becomes the dearest person to the Charlie. d) Two strangers These two strangers seem to be secret-service agents as it was mentioned above. Their appearance (â€Å"bowler hats and mackintoshes†) and phrase â€Å"†¦we are on duty† hint at that. One of them is polite enough thanking for the offered cigarette â€Å"Thank you all the time†, â€Å"one of us’ll come with you, if you don’t mind, – said the stranger gently†. The other one is trying to be sarcastic. 10. Methods of characterization Direct 11. Symbolism We can compare growing of a child with the stairs. Every footstep is a phase or life period. We can observe the dynamics of Charlie’s life, his growing, throughout the story, though it is a very little period of time. But the changes are evident. And we can imagine the stairs as a symbolic element. Moreover, we can find symbolism in night characterizing Charlie’s fears and hesitation and uncertainty. 12. Stylistic devices A lot of stylistic devices were mentioned above. But in this part of the analysis I want to discuss the title of the story â€Å"I Spy†. It sounds like a kids’ game â€Å"Eye Spy†, where the player-spy silently selects an object that is visible to all the players and does not reveal his or her choice. The same with Charlie: he wants to share his feelings, emotions and problems with the father, but doesn’t do it. His father isn’t interested in him, he is indefinite and the boy feels it. â€Å"I Spy† and â€Å"Eye Spy† is a stylistic device called pun, based on the play of words that sound similar.